Book Review on Urban Poverty Essay

urban p everyplacety is the outcome of urban-bias development projects being preponderantly financed by the external capital, either in the assortment of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or Aid. The urban-bias industrial enterprise strategy performed as a pull ingredient for the arcadian unemployed. This strategy contri excepted to the expanding of urban informal sectors where artless as well as highly unincorporated day labours remain concentrated in the urban and semi-urban atomic number 18as.It is also debated that the redistribution of capital investment towards the rural ground agricultural activities including plantation sectors through the coordinated efforts of twain public and private sectors such as complaisant and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can go a long fashion to break the growing negative effects of over urbanization on penury, moral and social crimes as consequent of unequal stinting growth. The author, Pramanik discusses urban pauperism in Mala ysia cases.He begins with the overview of the exiguity scenario followed by look methods and research findings along with summarization & policy suggestions. This throw contented five chapters including appendices, references and index. In the introductory chapter (pp. 1-5), Pramanik says want is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that is hard to come up with a oecumenically acceptable definition of poverty. Most usually argued issue on poverty is whether poverty should be looked at from absolute or relative perspective. imperative poverty based on specific income take aim called poverty line income (PLI) that can be metric either using the market value of a basket full of goods and services considered essential for slightly acceptable standard of biography. On the contrary, relative poverty arises when we talk near how good or mischievously one member is doing in relation to an different(prenominal) member living in the alike society. agree to OBoyle, poverty is a concept that is two absolute and relative because man beings are at the same time individual and social (OBoyle E.J, 1990).In chapter two (pp. 7-20), Pramanik talks about poverty scenario in Malaysia. He argues that the income poverty using official poverty line income seems near to the absolute poverty whereas the military man poverty based on the degree of human deprivation resembles relative poverty, which is ensuing of unequal entre to income earning opportunity. Because of this, the author focuses more(prenominal) on human formula of poverty in bournes of its long term implications of social factors.Micro level study (Pramanik, 2004) do suggest that family size either in urban or rural areas of the four concentrated states namely, Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perak is quite a above the family size used for the national level. Pramanik (1997 & 2000) examined that rural poverty in the four poverty-concentrated states on multi dimensional aspects of the problem such as, social, economic, demographic, psychological, political, moral, historical, attitudinal, and natural factors. In chapter triad (pp. 5-20), the author discusses regarding research methodology. The study is based on the primary data as well as secondary information.The primary data collected through the administ ration of well-structured questionnaire in the middle of 2006. The take in technique used is purposive as well as random and based on participatory ceremony method. Around 3112 business firms from 8 major cities living in poverty concentrated areas classified by squatters, low-cost buildings, longhouses etc. were selected for data collection.He defined house flip as an entity of those living under the same cover as well as eating from the same kitchen. In chapter four (pp. 21-97), he talks about the research findings. The author uses purposive and collecting sampling technique to identify the level of poverty suffered by those living in the squatters and in the area/blocks/bui ldings knowing for the pull down income groups in the major cities of Malaysia. This is because those who are living in these areas suffer different degrees and types of poverty measurable by the level of deprivations.The household having less than RM 398(less than half(prenominal) of the poverty line) is called hardcore short(p), household earning equal to RM 398 but less than 663 is called overall poor and more than RM 663 is called non-poor. The surmount performing state in terms of low relative incidence of overall poverty (0. 9) with no hardcore poor followed by KL (2. 6) and JB (8. 1) inclusive of hardcore and overall poor. While less developed states- KB, KT, and AS, KB experiences the highest incidence of poverty hardcore poor and overall poor of 33. 7 followed by KT (23. 4) and AS (14).On the other hand, Sabah and Sarawak are worst performing states reported in 9MP and his survey data. The author suggests that as far as poverty reduction is concerned Sabah and Sara wak are electrostatic the worst among all other regions states in Malaysia in 2007. The poverty is gender bias is a universal when hardcore poverty is concerned. In terms of hardcore and overall poverty, the female headed households are more liable(predicate) to be poorer by 50 percent compared the male-headed households. The higher(prenominal) dependency of more members on a a couple of(prenominal) incomes of earners in the households also creates a constraint on resources allocation by the poor households.Approximately 60 percent of poor households more than two members depend on the income of one earner. The humble dependency has implication for the ability of the poor households to hold out poverty at times of economic recession or downturn since higher dependency manifest through the lower dependency ratio is positively related to higher unemployment. Pramanik found on the distribution of households based on the dependency ratio and cities seem to suggest that the relative ly higher percentages of households (68. 8) from LDS are associated with higher dependency as emerged through the lower coefficients of DR (